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Chronic heart failure (HF) is characterized by an ongoing inflammatory response that correlates with HF disease severity and prognosis. The link between HF and inflammation was formally recognized and reported in 1990 by Levine et al., 1 who noted that levels of an inflammatory cytokine, tumor necrosis factor (TNF), were elevated in the setting of HF. Since this first report, a number of studies have shown that in addition to TNF, other proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines are also involved in cardiac depression and the progression of HF (Table 15–1). 27 In this chapter, we will review the implications of inflammatory biomarkers in HF, with emphasis on inflammatory biomarkers that correlate with disease severity, prognosis, and clinical outcomes in HF.