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Early research on cognitive vulnerability demonstrated that maladaptive thinking waxes and wanes with depression. However, studies that have tested the diathesis–stress components of Beck's model using naturalistic or experimental mood manipulations have provided empirical support for the model's contention that there are three main levels of thinking involved in the onset, maintenance and exacerbation of depression: depressive self-schemas, maladaptive beliefs/assumptions and negative automatic thoughts. This theory has served as the catalyst for a veritable explosion of research in the area of cognitive vulnerability to depression. Most contemporary cognitive models of depression have involved refinements and expansions of this basic diathesis–stress framework. This chapter reviews the evidence pertaining to Beck's theory, highlighting research related to schemas, beliefs and …