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The anaerobic membrane bioreactor (AnMBR) has potential as a low-cost wastewater treatment process with the benefit of energy production. However, to ensure satisfactory treatment performance, an AnMBR is operated at a relatively high temperature currently. Research focused on the operation of the AnMBR at low temperature is significant since the energy required for heating is an impediment to the application of AnMBRs for municipal wastewater treatment. Hence, in this study, a constant low-temperature (15 °C) AnMBR was evaluated for the treatment of real municipal wastewater with hydraulic retention times (HRTs) in the range of 6–24 h. During the long-term experiment, a chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiency of approximately 90.5% was obtained with a sludge yield below 0.13 g-VSS/g-COD_rem at HRTs of 16 and 24 h. The amount of energy generated was theoretically calculated based …