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Green roofs are often planted with multiple species to improve aesthetics and other ecosystem services. If diverse species mixtures contain species with phenological differences in growth and reproduction, this could enhance ecosystem functioning by increasing the duration over which a valuable process operates. Phenological complementarity describes a species mixture where plant growth or reproduction is more evenly spread over time among species than predicted by chance. Here we report general phenological patterns of growth and reproduction from the third year of a four-year modular green roof experiment involving 13 species from five life form groups, planted in mixtures and monocultures. The relationships between phenological complementarity in canopy density (a surrogate for aboveground biomass) in species mixtures and thermal and hydrological functions were determined for the fourth year …