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This study used data from the Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study 2011 to examine the big-fish-little-pond effect (BFLPE) in eighth grade mathematics in 59 countries/regions. The BFLPE refers to the negative contrast effect of achievement on academic self-concept resulting from students comparing their ability to the average ability in their immediate context; students in higher-achieving contexts have lower average self-concept than similarly able students in lower-achieving contexts. Earlier research showed that controlling for students' perceived relative standing (how competent they perceive themselves compared to classmates) eliminates or reduces the BFLPE. However, little research has demonstrated the generalizability of this effect. Using the multilevel latent variable approach and large-scale assessment data, this study applied three statistical models. In the first model, measurement …