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Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia has in the past half century transformed from an isolated frontier town to the center of the country’s agro-industrial production zone. By the 1990s, Santa Cruz (as the city is often abbreviated) had largely overtaken La Paz as Bolivia’s financial capital and most important economic pole, and its political influence is growing. Regional economic growth in eastern Bolivia has attracted—and resulted from—labor migration from poorer Andean regions over the past four decades. Santa Cruz is also the flashpoint of a regionalist movement, expressed in claims for ‘departmental autonomy’ as a means for regional governments to play a greater role in public decision-making, a campaign supported by the recent intensification of place-based identity politics. This profile examines the history and dynamics of planned and unplanned urban growth in Santa Cruz. I examine modernist planning …