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An important achievement of modern experimental fluid mechanics is the invention and development of techniques for the measurement of whole, instantaneous fields of scalars and vectors. These techniques include tomographic interferometry (Hesselink 1988) and planar laser-induced fluorescence for scalars (Hassa et al 1987), and nuclear-magnetic-resonance imaging (Lee et al 1987), planar laser-induced fluorescence, laser-speckle velocimetry, particle-tracking velocimetry, molecular-tracking velocimetry (Miles et al 1989), and particle-image velocimetry for velocity fields. Reviews of these methods can be found in articles by Lauterborn & Vogel (1984), Adrian (1986a), Hesselink (1988), and Dudderar et al (1988), in books written by Merzkirch (1987) and edited by Chiang & Reid (1988) and Gad-el-Hak (1989).