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This handbook is based on the final report of the International Energy Agency's (IEA) Bioenergy sponsored Pyrolysis Activity. Topics reviewed cover the fast pyrolysis of biomass for producing fuels and chemicals; the IEA pyrolysis fundamentals review; the nature and properties of biomass pyrolysis materials; storage and handling of flash pyrolysis oil; testing standard methods; new methods for chemical and physical characterisation and Round Robin testing; proposed specifications for various grades of pyrolysis oils; the determination of biodegradation rates of bio-oil by respirometry; environment, health and safety issues; and the toxicity of biomass pyrolysis liquids.