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Western Communist parties suffered a long and deep decline that provoked a wave of party adaptation and transformation in the 1980s and 1990s. After these changes the various parties followed very different trajectories. Some parties abandonned the Communist ideology and transformed themselves into Socialdemocratic, Green or non-Communist Left-wing parties. Others adapted their ideology and organization but remained within the Communist tradition. This book approaches the evolution of this party family and analyses the different models of party change adopted, the diverse strategies chosen and the eventual outcomes of these decisions.