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For the first time, to the best of our knowledge, an energy-efficient framework that optimizes the number of active wavelengths and uses sleep/doze mode to improve the energy savings of a delay-constrained time and wavelength division multiplexed passive optical network is presented in this work. In the proposed framework, the optical network units (ONUs) operate under the maximum polling cycle time that satisfies a given delay constraint to achieve maximum possible energy savings at the ONUs. When the average bandwidth requested by an ONU exceeds the maximum allowable bandwidth, a new wavelength is introduced to the network to satisfy delay constraints. Conversely, when the bandwidth requested by an ONU is small, idle wavelengths are switched off to increase energy savings at the optical line terminal (OLT). The proposed framework is analyzed using online and offline just-in-time dynamic …