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The recent strides made in vehicular networks have enabled a new class of in-car entertainment systems and enhanced the ability of emergency responders using opportunistic spectrum usage enabled by cognitive radio (CR) technology. These CR-enabled vehicles (CRVs) have the ability to use additional spectrum opportunities outside the IEEE 802.11p-specified standard 5.9-GHz band. The aim of this article is to provide a taxonomy of the existing literature on this fast-emerging application area of CRV networks, highlight the key research that has already been undertaken, and point toward the open problems. We explore different architectures [i.e., completely decentralized as well as base station (BS) supported], the sensing schemes suited for highly mobile scenarios with emphasis on cooperation, and spectrum access methods that assure the availability of the required quality of service (QoS). Moreover, we …