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Many practical problems can be formulated as constrained optimization problems. Due to the simple concept and easy implementation, the penalty function method has been one of the most common techniques to handle constraints. However, the performance of this technique greatly relies on the setting of penalty factors, which are usually determined by manual trial and error, and the suitable penalty factors are often problem-dependent and difficult to set. In this paper, a differential evolution approach based on a co-evolution mechanism, named CDE, is proposed to solve the constrained problems. First, a special penalty function is designed to handle the constraints. Second, a co-evolution model is presented and differential evolution (DE) is employed to perform evolutionary search in spaces of both solutions and penalty factors. Thus, the solutions and penalty factors evolve interactively and self-adaptively, and …