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Methods

39 unmedicated depressed individuals completed a task in which trials involved rating the emotional valence of positive, negative, and neutral words (7.5 seconds) in alternation with a cognitive control/working memory task (putting digits in numerical order; 17 seconds); during a 3T fMRI assessment (TR= 1500ms, TE= 5ms, FOV= 24cm, flip= 60; reverse spiral pulse sequence) using a slow event-related design. Individuals also completed 7 self-report rumination measures (13 scales). Following preprocessing (motion and outlier correction, detrending, temporal and spatial smoothing, and normalization to a corpus brain), mean BOLD responses to negative words were extracted for anatomically defined regions of interest including BA25, the amygdala, hippocampus, and a region of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) previously shown to differentiate depressed and control participants (Siegle …