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More than a decade ago, tensions arose between civil society, the Ecuadorian government and a transnational company regarding the first large-scale mining project in the Cordillera del Condor. These tensions formed the base for an anti-mining movement that has been accompanied by a series of conflicts, state repression, deaths and forced displacement. The Sourthern Amazon of Ecuador contains a telling history of a territorial mosaic full of tensions and conflicts related to the use, control and access to natural resources, that form the dynamic layers on which successive transformations are built. This chapter takes you to the social, political and spatial processes that took place in the Cordillera del Condor during the last century and which we consider most significant for the unfolding of the mining conflict nowadays. We argue for the use of a territorial and historical focus to analyze the disputes about natural resources and their impacts on civil society and the environment, as it can contribute to the comprehension of current and future transformations.