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Many different types of bias have been described. Some biases may tend to coexist or be associated with specific research settings, fields, and types of studies. We aimed to map systematically the terminology of bias across biomedical research.

We used advanced text-mining and clustering techniques to evaluate 17,265,924 items from PubMed (1958–2008). We considered 235 bias terms and 103 other terms that appear commonly in articles dealing with bias.

Forty bias terms were used in the title or abstract of more than 100 articles each. Pseudo-inclusion clustering identified 252 clusters of terms. The clusters were organized into macroscopic maps that cover a continuum of research fields. The resulting maps highlight which types of biases tend to co-occur and may need to be considered together and what biases are commonly encountered and …