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Three host-associated probiotics (Bacillus sp. AHG22, Alcaligenes sp. AFG22, and Shewanella sp. AFG21) were isolated from the gastrointestinal tract of Tor tambroides, and their effects were evaluated on gut morphology, microbiota composition and volatile short chain fatty acids (VSCFAs) production of the same species. A control diet (40% crude protein and 10% lipid) was formulated, and three different probiotic supplemented diets were prepared by immersing the control diet in each host-derived isolated probiotic, suspended in sterile phosphate buffered saline (PBS), to achieve concentration at 1.0 × 10⁸ CFU g⁻¹ feed. Triplicate groups of T. tambroides juveniles (1.39 ± 0.06 g) were stocked in twelve glass aquaria (100 L capacity) with stocking density of 20 individuals per aquarium. The feed was applied twice daily at 3.0% of the body weight per day for 90 days. The intake of probiotics drastically …