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Variability of soil fertility within, and across farms, poses a major challenge for increasing crop productivity in smallholder systems of sub-Saharan Africa. This study assessed the effect of farmers’ resource endowment and nutrient management strategies on variability in soil fertility and plant nutrient uptake between different fields in Gokwe South (ave. rainfall ~650 mm year⁻¹; 16.3 persons km⁻²) and Murewa (ave. rainfall ~850 mm year⁻¹; 44.1 persons km⁻²) districts, Zimbabwe. In Murewa, resource-endowed farmers applied manure (>3.5 t ha⁻¹ year⁻¹) on fields closest to their homesteads (homefields) and none to fields further away (outfields). In Gokwe the manure was not targeted to any particular field, and farmers quickly abandoned outfields and opened up new fields further way from the homestead once fertility had declined, but homefields were continually cultivated. Soil available P was higher in …