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Disorganized attachment is an early predictor of the development of psychopathology in childhood and adolescence. Lyons-Ruth, Bronfman, and Parsons (1999) developed the AMBIANCE coding scheme to assess disrupted communication between mother and infant, and reported the link between maternal behavior and disorganized attachment. The Hungarian group found an association between a polymorphism of the DRD4 gene and disorganized attachment (Gervai et al., 2005; Lakatos et al., 2000, 2002). The present collaborative work investigated the interplay between genetic and caregiving contributions to disorganized attachment. Mother–infant dyads (138), from a Hungarian low-social-risk sample (96) and a US high-social-risk sample (42), were assessed for infant disorganized attachment behavior, for DRD4 gene polymorphisms, and for disrupted forms of maternal affective communication …