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Contaminated legacy sites pose a risk to the environment and human health worldwide. The accurate characterization and monitoring of subsurface contamination is crucial for effective risk assessment, management and prioritization of contaminated sites and ultimately ensures a more efficient and sustainable use of the allocated resources.

Contaminant mass discharge (CMD) integrates two important features of contaminant risk: concentration and mobility. CMD is increasingly being incorporated into risk assessments of contaminated sites as an alternative to point-value concentration-based risk assessment. The CMD is estimated by interpolating and integrating multilevel point measurements of concentration and flow across a control plane of interest. However, the geological settings at contaminated sites are typically subject to large heterogeneities resulting in complex hydrogeological conditions and significant …