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Fifty-two sea-level index points are described from samples collected within the Land-Ocean Interaction Study area. The vertical relationship between relative sea-level and a reference water level for each index point was estimated using two contrasting methods: a lithological-based approach, which is routinely employed in sea-level studies, and a foraminiferal-based transfer function. Comparison of the two methods reveals that the range of the former is 0.14 ± 0.09 m smaller than the latter because the foraminiferal-based transfer function takes into account differences in tidal ranges between study sites. Furthermore, the reference water-level estimates of transgressive index points using the foraminiferal-based transfer function are on average 0.19 ± 0.12 m higher than those of the lithological-based approach. This may be due to the rapid response time of foraminiferal assemblages relative to lithological …