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Building livelihood resilience to natural disasters holds the key to sustained income generation and economic development in disaster-affected areas. This paper identifies the critical factors driving livelihood resilience in post-disaster relocated communities. A questionnaire survey and interviews in five selected relocation sites in Banda Aceh and Aceh Besar, Indonesia, were undertaken following the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami. We found that early recovery income support, physical and mental health, ability to transfer to other jobs/skills, availability and timeliness of livelihood support, together with its cultural sensitivity and governance structure are among the most important factors. Given the nature of resettlement, access to infrastructure, location of relocated sites and safety of neighbourhoods also played an important role in establishing sustained employment for these relocated communities in Indonesia. Under …