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In this study, polyacrylic acid (PAA) and titanium dioxide nanoparticles were used for increasing antifouling characteristic of polyvinylidene fluoride membrane. Two different methods were applied for immobilization of TiO₂ on PVDF membrane surface and compared their ability in flux recovery ratio of modified membranes. One method was self-assembling of TiO₂ on surface of PAA grafted membrane and another was initially functionalization of TiO₂ by acrylic acid monomers and next in situ grafting polymerization of this blend solution, which called “grafting from” technique. SEM images show that TiO₂ nanoparticles were dispersed uniformly and completely in “grafting from” method rather than self-assembling procedure. In addition, FT-IR spectroscopy confirmed the presence of PAA and TiO₂ nanoparticles on the membrane surface. Antifouling properties were tested by using whey solution. Better resistance to …