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This chapter begins by summarizing the conceptual approaches used to understand conservation in fragmented landscapes. We then examine the biophysical aspects of landscape change, and how such change affects species and communities, posing two main questions:(i) what are the implications for the patterns of occurrence of species and communities?; and (ii) how does landscape change affect processes that influence the distribution and viability of species and communities? The chapter concludes by identifying the kinds of actions that will enhance the conservation of biota in fragmented landscapes.

Broad-scale destruction and fragmentation of native vegetation is a highly visible result of human land-use throughout the world (Chapter 4). From the Atlantic Forests of South America to the tropical forests of Southeast Asia, and in many other regions on Earth, much of the original vegetation now remains only as fragments amidst expanses of land committed to feeding and housing human beings. Destruction and fragmentation of habitats are major factors in the global decline of populations and species (Chapter 10), the modification of native plant and animal communities and the alteration of ecosystem processes (Chapter 3). Dealing with these changes is among the greatest challenges facing the" mission-orientated crisis discipline" of conservation biology (Soulé 1986; see Chapter 1). Habitat fragmentation, by definition, is the" breaking apart" of continuous habitat, such as tropical forest or semi-arid shrubland, into distinct pieces. When this occurs, three interrelated processes take place: a reduction in the total amount of the original …