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Treatment and disposal of Basic Oxygen Furnace (BOF) slag, a residue of the steel production process characterized by high basicity and propensity for heavy metal leaching, is a costly burden on metallurgical plants; a sustainable valorization route is desired. The stabilization of BOF slag utilizing hot-stage carbonation treatment was investigated; this approach envisions carbonation during the hot-to-cold pathway followed by the material after the molten slag is poured and solidified. Three experimental methodologies were employed: (i) in situ thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA) carbonation was used to assess carbonation reaction kinetics and thermodynamic equilibrium at high temperatures; (ii) pressurized basket reactor carbonation was used to assess the effects of pressurization, steam addition and slag particle size; and (iii) atmospheric furnace carbonation was used to assess the effect of carbonation on the …