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With particular attention to Satellite Communications (SatComs), cognitive-based solutions are investigated. With cognitive-based solutions we refer to all those techniques that aim at improving spectrum utilization of the available spectrum and rely on the knowledge of the environment in which the systems operate. As a matter of fact, an improved spectrum utilization enables higher throughput capacities that will satisfy the future markets and demands of an increasingly connected world. Throughout the thesis, several techniques are proposed, developed, and assessed with respect to specific scenarios of interest. Particular focus has been put on spectrum awareness techniques for system coexistence, and on spectrum exploitation techniques for an improved efficiency in terms of resource utilization.