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Purpose

Photorefraction is a convenient way to determine refractive state from a distance. It is, therefore, useful for measuring infants and noncooperative subjects. However, its reliability (or precision) and accuracy (or validity) has been questioned. In a study in subjects without cycloplegia, we have tested whether, after complete automatization, eccentric photorefraction at a 1-m distance can be as reliable as a common autorefractor.

Methods

In a laboratory study of 15 student subjects without the use of cycloplegia (30 eyes, refractive errors ranging from− 6 D to+ 6 D), age 25 to 31 years, the photorefractive measurements were compared with spectacle prescriptions. In a clinical study, photorefraction, autorefraction, and subjective refraction were performed in 40 patients without cycloplegia (refractive errors ranging from− 4 D to+ 4 D), most of them with various ocular pathologies. Subjective refractions were obtained …