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Greedy perimeter stateless routing (GPSR) is a well-known position-based routing protocol in mobile ad hoc network (MANET). In GPSR, nodes use periodic beaconing (PB) strategy in broadcasting beacon packets to maintain up-to-date information on the geographical position of their neighbor nodes within their transmission boundary range. The nodes that receive beacon packets save all known neighbor nodes, along with their geographical position information, in their neighbor list to make effective routing decisions. Most recent studies on position-based routing protocols assume that the position information in the neighbor list of a node is accurate, although only a rough estimate of such position information is actually available to the node. Node mobility causes frequent network topology changes in MANETs. Thus, neighbor-to-neighbor relationships change frequently. Using the PB strategy leads to inaccurate …