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A Ni–Mo composite functions as a promising non-noble metal electrocatalyst for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) in alkaline water. Despite its industrial relevance, the kinetic origin of the high catalytic activity remains under debate. The present report discusses a reaction mechanism of HER on Ni–Mo catalysts by combining experimental and theoretical studies. In contrast to a Ni catalyst, a Ni–Mo catalyst is insensitive to CO gas introduced during HER. In situ spectroscopic measurements including Raman spectroscopy and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) show that Mo³⁺ prevails during HER catalysis. Density functional theory (DFT) simulations corroborate the thermodynamic stability and HER activity of Mo³⁺-containing centers on Ni(111) at HER potentials. Notably, Ni is demonstrated to play no direct role as a catalytic site but to effectively disperse and activate the oxidized catalytic Mo species …