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The Fourth International Conference on Automatic Differentiation was held July 20-23 in Chicago, Illinois. The conference included a one day short course, 42 presentations, and a workshop for tool developers. This gathering of automatic differentiation researchers extended a sequence that began in Breckenridge, Colorado, in 1991 and continued in Santa Fe, New Mexico, in 1996 and Nice, France, in 2000. We invited conference participants and the general automatic differentiation community to submit papers to this special collection. The 28 accepted papers reflect the state of the art in automatic differentiation. The number of automatic differentiation tools based on compiler technology continues to expand. The papers in this volume discuss the implementation and application of several compiler-based tools for Fortran, including the venerable ADIFOR, an extended NAGWare compiler, TAF, and TAPENADE …