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Nanoparticles (NPs) have emerged as promising tools in various agricultural and environmental applications, but their potential adverse effects on plant health cannot be overlooked. NPs may exhibit toxicity due to their tiny size, high surface area to mass ratio, low water solubility, aggregation, and surface properties. Exposure of plants to NPs, particularly at high concentrations or for prolonged periods, may cause physiological and molecular disturbances, resulting in oxidative, genotoxic, and physiological stress. Plant stress can be evaluated through biomarkers that act as measurable indicators of stress. The investigation of these biomarkers induced by NP applications provides valuable information about the physiological, molecular, and biochemical responses of plants to NP exposure. Additionally, biomarkers help in understanding the interaction of NPs with plants, and they may prove useful in assessing the …