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The excess of nitrate and phosphate in surface waters causes eutrophication and adversely affect the health of inhabitants and aquatic life. These anions may be recovered from contaminated waters using adsorption process -a cost-effective, feasible, and sustainable unit process widely employed for (waste)water treatment.  The identification of a suitable adsorbent (efficient, biodegradable and) is a scientific challange. Nanocellulose (NC) has these characterstics with several modification possibilities due to its rich surface chemistry. The exhausted nanocellulose may be employed as a slow release fertilizer to make the process sustainable; the same will make the process fit for circular bioeconomy concept. This chapter provides classification, preparation, biomass treatment methods, and application of neat and modified nanocellulose for the sorptive removal of nitrate and phosphate from (waste)water and its …