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For providers of composite services, preventing cases of SLA violations is crucial. Previous work has established runtime adaptation of compositions as a promising tool to achieve SLA conformance. However, to get a realistic and complete view of the decision process of service providers, the costs of adaptation need to be taken into account. In this paper, we formalize the problem of finding the optimal set of adaptations, which minimizes the total costs arising from SLA violations and the adaptations to prevent them. We present possible algorithms to solve this complex optimization problem, and detail an end-to-end system based on our earlier work on the PREvent (prediction and prevention based on event monitoring) framework, which clearly indicates the usefulness of our model. We discuss experimental results that show how the application of our approach leads to reduced costs for the service provider, and …