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Bumblebees are a genus of pollinators (Bombus) that play important roles in natural ecosystem and agricultural production. Several bumblebee species have been recorded as under population decline, and the proportion of species experiencing population decline within subgenus Thoracobombus is higher than average. Bombus opulentus is 1 species in Thoracobombus, but little is known about its recent population dynamics. Here, we employed conservation genomics methods to investigate the population dynamics of B. opulentus during the recent past and identify the likely environmental factors that may cause population decline. Firstly, we placed the scaffold‐level of B. opulentus reference genome sequence onto chromosome‐level using Hi‐C technique. Then, based on this reference genome and whole‐genome resequencing data for 51 B. opulentus samples, we reconstructed the population structure …