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This study aims to determine an optimal recovery time after a participant has exercised to exhaustion in a controlled climatic condition. Ten males and four females volunteers were examined under hot (30°C) and humid (75% relative humidity) environment in a climatic chamber to simulate typical summer outdoor working conditions of construction workers in Hong Kong. The participants (age 31.3 ± 9.3 years; height 168.5 ± 9.8 cm; weight 62.5 ± 7.1 kg; and percentage body fat 22.9 ± 7.2%) performed graded upper body exercise at a target cadence of 70 rotation per minute (RPM) until exhaustion and were recovered inside the climatic chamber until their physiological conditions returned to the pre-exercise level or lower. Physiological Strain Index (PSI) was used as a yardstick to determine the rate of recovery. The physiological conditions of the participants were monitored by recording their ear temperature (to …