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Enhancing the catalytic properties of the CO 2-fixing enzyme Rubisco is a target for improving agricultural crop productivity. Here, we reveal extensive diversity in the kinetic response between 10 and 37 C by Rubisco from C 3 and C 4 species within the grass tribe Paniceae. The CO 2 fixation rate (k cat c) for Rubisco from the C 4 grasses with nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) phosphate malic enzyme (NADP-ME) and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PCK) photosynthetic pathways was twofold greater than the k cat c of Rubisco from NAD-ME species across all temperatures. The declining response of CO 2/O 2 specificity with increasing temperature was less pronounced for PCK and NADP-ME Rubisco, which would be advantageous in warmer climates relative to the NAD-ME grasses. Modelled variation in the temperature kinetics of Paniceae C 3 Rubisco and PCK Rubisco differentially stimulated C …