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The effects of hematite (Fe₂O₃) and nickel oxide (NiO) nanoparticles (NP) on biohydrogen production were investigated using dairy wastewater in batch test. The results showed that, unlike the NiO NP, the maximum hydrogen yield (HY) (16.75 mmol/g COD) and specific hydrogen production rate (SHPR) (42.69 mmol/g VSS.d), representing a 24%, and 43%, enhancement compared to control, respectively, was observed for the sole 50 mg Fe₂O₃/L supplementation. Furthermore, the co-addition of Fe₂O₃ plus NiO NP on biohydrogen production implies that the maximum HY and SHPR of about 17.2 mmol/g COD, and 47.67 mmol/g VSS.d, respectively, can be obtained from dairy wastewater at concentration of 50 mg Fe₂O₃/L, and 10 mg NiO/L, respectively. The highest significant relative enhancement of HY, 27%, and SHPR, 59%, suggests that the co-addition of hematite plus nickel oxide nanoparticles is about 1.2 …