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The purpose of this study was to evaluate the accuracy and feasibility of estimating oxygen consumption ( ) during maximal swimming by using the backward extrapolation (BE) of the recovery curve to time zero. Two series of experiments were conducted. In the first, the validity of the BE method was ascertained by comparing the peak values obtained during free swimming (Douglas bag technique) with those estimated by the BE method during recovery after the same tests. These results were also compared with peak measured during uphill treatmill running. peak measured during maximal free swimming and estimated by the BE method during the recovery period of that test, were not significantly different. No significant difference was found between peak uphill treadmill running and free swimming. In the second series of experiments, peak was measured in each of 28 swimmers during uphill …