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The Mediterranean fruit fly (medfly), Ceratitis capitata, is a highly polyphagous pest that is economically important for fruit production in tropical, subtropical and temperate regions. It is considered a cosmopolitan pest due to its extreme invasiveness and has established populations in all continents except Antarctica. The medfly’s broad range of host plants and distinctive biological, behavioral, and genetic traits help it easily adapt to and colonize novel environments. This review provides an overview of the specific characteristics of this species and its current distribution and invasiveness. It also outlines future challenges for medfly bioecology and invasiveness.