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This chapter presents the recent vulnerability assessment project on a rice paddy production and climate change in Indonesia and attempts to demonstrate a practical framework and methodology for a vulnerability and adaptation assessment in the agricultural sector. This chapter applies the outcome vulnerability framework, which is defined by the IPCC. The framework is applied into a practical methodology using multidisciplinary approaches such as statistical modeling, GIS and remote sensing, as well as participatory research, focus group discussion, and policy assessment. The chapter produces vulnerability maps illustrating how climate change affects rice paddy production in Indonesia especially Bali island. In Bali island, the suitability for rice paddy production has been decreased 20% in the last 20 years because of changes in climate, and climate change will continue in the future. On the other hand, the chapter suggests that actual damages will be based on rice paddy location and the adaptive capacity of farmers. The chapter demonstrates the impacts of climate change on rice paddy production, which is a staple food for many developing countries including Indonesia. It is important to understand the impacts of climate change in agriculture sector that is the most vulnerable to adverse changes in climate. The chapter successfully demonstrates a multidisciplinary approach, which can be applied in other agricultural products in different countries.