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Conservation agriculture (CA), an emerging technology for sustainable agriculture, has been practiced in China for more than 30 years and is increasingly being adopted on cropland. CA system has four components: (i) no-till (NT), (ii) residue mulch, (iii) complex/diverse cropping system, and (iv) integrated nutrient management. Conservation tillage (CT, main technology of CA) methods, relevant to a range of cropping systems, are practiced on 6.67 million hectare (Mha) in China. With growing concerns about global warming, soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration is an important strategy to offset anthropogenic emissions. This chapter collates and synthesizes available research literature on SOC sequestration under different tillage systems in China. Specific focus is on the SOC dynamics, SOC stock, rate of SOC sequestration, and soil quality under different tillage systems in diverse agroeco regions. The …